Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes

Konsumsi daging merah berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko diabetes tipe 2.

Mengubah asupan protein dari daging menjadi kacang2an, low fat dairy, dan biji2an menurunkan risiko diabetes tipe 2 sebesar 16-35%

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Am J Clin Nutr October 2011 © 2011 American Society for Nutrition
Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes:

3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. An Pan, Qi Sun, Adam M Bernstein, Matthias B Schulze et al.

Abstract

Background: The relation between consumption of different types of red meats and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains uncertain.
Objective: We evaluated the association between unprocessed and processed red meat consumption and incident T2D in US adults.
Design: We followed 37,083 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986–2006), 79,570 women in the Nurses' Health Study I (1980–2008), and 87,504 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991–2005). Diet was assessed by validated food-frequency questionnaires, and data were updated every 4 y. Incident T2D was confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire.
Results: During 4,033,322 person-years of follow-up, we documented 13,759 incident T2D cases. After adjustment for age, BMI, and other lifestyle and dietary risk factors, both unprocessed and processed red meat intakes were positively associated with T2D risk in each cohort (all P-trend <0.001). The pooled HRs (95% CIs) for a one serving/d increase of unprocessed, processed, and total red meat consumption were 1.12 (1.08, 1.16), 1.32 (1.25, 1.40), and 1.14 (1.10, 1.18), respectively. The results were confirmed by a meta-analysis (442,101 participants and 28,228 diabetes cases): the RRs (95% CIs) were 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) and 1.51 (1.25, 1.83) for 100 g of unprocessed red meat and for 50 g of unprocessed red meat, respectively. We estimated that substitutions of one serving of nuts, low-fat dairy, and whole grains per day for one serving of red meat per day were associated with a 16–35% lower risk of T2D.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that red meat consumption, particularly processed red meat, is associated with an increased risk of T2D.

Early or late parenteral nutrition ?

Early or late parenteral nutrition ?

 

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Abstract

 

N Engl J Med 2011; 365:506-517

Early versus Late Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Adults
Michael P. Casaer, M.D., Dieter Mesotten, M.D., Ph.D., Greet Hermans, M.D., Ph.D., Pieter J. Wouters, R.N., M.Sc., Miet Schetz, M.D., Ph.D., Geert Meyfroidt, M.D., Ph.D., Sophie Van Cromphaut, M.D., Ph.D., Catherine Ingels, M.D., Philippe Meersseman, M.D., Jan Muller, M.D., Dirk Vlasselaers, M.D., Ph.D., Yves Debaveye, M.D., Ph.D., Lars Desmet, M.D., Jasperina Dubois, M.D., Aime Van Assche, M.D., Simon Vanderheyden, B.Sc., Alexander Wilmer, M.D., Ph.D., and Greet Van den Berghe, M.D., Ph.D.

BACKGROUND
Controversy exists about the timing of the initiation of parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults in whom caloric targets cannot be met by enteral nutrition alone.
METHODS
In this randomized, multicenter trial, we compared early initiation of parenteral nutrition (European guidelines) with late initiation (American and Canadian guidelines) in adults in the intensive care unit (ICU) to supplement insufficient enteral nutrition. In 2312 patients, parenteral nutrition was initiated within 48 hours after ICU admission (early-initiation group), whereas in 2328 patients, parenteral nutrition was not initiated before day 8 (late-initiation group). A protocol for the early initiation of enteral nutrition was applied to both groups, and insulin was infused to achieve normoglycemia.
RESULTS
Patients in the late-initiation group had a relative increase of 6.3% in the likelihood of being discharged alive earlier from the ICU (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.13; P=0.04) and from the hospital (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.13; P=0.04), without evidence of decreased functional status at hospital discharge. Rates of death in the ICU and in the hospital and rates of survival at 90 days were similar in the two groups. Patients in the late-initiation group, as compared with the early-initiation group, had fewer ICU infections (22.8% vs. 26.2%, P=0.008) and a lower incidence of cholestasis (P<0.001). The late-initiation group had a relative reduction of 9.7% in the proportion of patients requiring more than 2 days of mechanical ventilation (P=0.006), a median reduction of 3 days in the duration of renal-replacement therapy (P=0.008), and a mean reduction in health care costs of €1,110 (about $1,600) (P=0.04).
CONCLUSIONS
Late initiation of parenteral nutrition was associated with faster recovery and fewer complications, as compared with early initiation.

Midlife overweight and obesity increase late-life dementia risk

Overweight dan obesitas meningkatkan risiko dementia, penyakit Alzheimer, dan dementia vaskuler. Faktor genetik dan lingkungan pada tahun awal kehidupan juga berperan.

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Neurology 76(18):1568-1574, 3 May 2011 © 2011 by AAN Enterprises, Inc.
Midlife overweight and obesity increase late-life dementia risk. W.L. Xu, A.R. Atti, M. Gatz, N.L. Pedersen, B. Johansson, and L. Fratiglioni.

Objective: The relation of overweight to dementia is controversial. We aimed to examine the association of midlife overweight and obesity with dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) in late life, and to verify the hypothesis that genetic and early-life environmental factors contribute to the observed association.
Methods: From the Swedish Twin Registry, 8,534 twin individuals aged ≥65 (mean age 74.4) were assessed to detect dementia cases (DSM-IV criteria). Height and weight at midlife (mean age 43.4) were available in the Registry. Data were analyzed as follows: 1) unmatched case-control analysis for all twins using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models and 2) cotwin matched case-control approach for dementia-discordant twin pairs by conditional logistic regression taking into account lifespan vascular disorders and diabetes.
Results: Among all participants, dementia was diagnosed in 350 subjects, and 114 persons had questionable dementia. Overweight (body mass index [BMI] >25–30) and obesity (BMI >30) at midlife were present in 2,541 (29.8%) individuals. In fully adjusted GEE models, compared with normal BMI (20–25), overweight and obesity at midlife were related to dementia with odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) of 1.71 (1.30–2.25) and 3.88 (2.12–7.11), respectively. Conditional logistic regression analysis in 137 dementia-discordant twin pairs led to an attenuated midlife BMI-dementia association. The difference in ORs from the GEE and the matched case-control analysis was statistically significant (p = 0.019).
Conclusions: Both overweight and obesity at midlife independently increase the risk of dementia, AD, and VaD. Genetic and early-life environmental factors may contribute to the midlife high adiposity–dementia association.